Intelcar (English version)

A little bit of air ?

2009-04-13T18:05:00.000+02:00

140 grams CO2/km were issued on average in 2008 by the fleet in circulation in France, against 149 in 2007. While two years ago, fewer than one in ten French interest in the fuel before buying a car, "according to the Agency for Environment and Energy Management (ADEME), the share of cars emitting less than 140g CO2/km represents 63% of sales in 2008. With Portugal, France is the only country to reach this level, the European Union average was 154g. Finally we can say cocorrico!

Source Direct Soir, April 10th 2009: http://directsoir.directmedia.fr/v1/Pages-Presse/Archives-Telechargement.aspx

Paris Bike Days

2009-04-10T09:26:00.001+02:00

THE 17,18 and 19 APRIL 2009, PARIS BIKE DAYS welcome you to their first edition at PARC FLORAL DE PARIS. Here's a real go 100% in PARIS bike for bike enthusiasts and living in the Paris region.

The festival is to honor all the bikes and all such practices. It is addressed to all practitioners, that people bike every day, only at weekends or occasionally on holidays. Also, she can try on real roads and the future bike trail.

About: http://www.parisbikedays.com/index.html

Rent your car, for when in Paris ?

2009-04-09T09:48:00.001+02:00

They are still looking for partners to place and develop cars for the big brother of the Vélib ', the Autolib', a network of motor vehicles for free service in the Ile de France. Manufacturers are not loans and other problems on the horizon. How to protect vehicle vandalism whose Vélib 'are victims? We must also find places for the 1400 stations planned. Parking spaces should disappear in favor of places Autolib '.

Greens estimated today that it is a step backwards with the proposed use of cars rather than other means of transport. But the deputy mayor considers contaire qu'Autolib "enable many Parisians to separate permanently from their cars clean while maintaining independence and mobility.

I have a question for you: for which price per hour would you be ready to rent this transport?

Source image: http://www.snut.fr/index.php/2008/06/02

The Nano car, ecological ?

2009-03-30T18:12:00.000+02:00

As we have announced, the cheapest car in the world, Nano, will be released shortly from the factory at a price of 100 000 rupees (€ 1450) and will soon be exported to rich countries, starting with the Europe.

The emergence of the Nano has raised concerns among the green countryside, who have warned of an environmental nightmare on the roads of India. Although there are only 5 million cars in use in India (only 7 in 1000 have a car), the roads are blocked by dozens of other vehicles.

The company plans to sell 100 000 cars this year, before moving production to its new plant in Gujarat, which is capable of producing 250 000 units per year.

Mr Tata said the car would be the greenest in India. With four doors, five seats, the Nano has a 624cc engine at the rear, which provides 23.6 km per liter, and CO2 emissions with a rating of 101 g / km (grams of carbon dioxide kilometer).

Source : http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/mar/23/india-car-world-cheapest

Bicycle versus car

2009-03-26T23:43:00.002+01:00

Faster than the car

All tests show that in most cities, the bike is unbeatable at rush hour for distances of less than 5 km (50% of trips between home and workplace). You are soon to that car or public transport. Your journey is usually shorter (less detours) and you do not waste time in traffic jams or find a parking spot.

Never late

Punctuality is the politeness of kings. Winds cycling in traffic, you're never stuck. You do not lose 30% of your travel time to find a parking space.
Result: your travel time is always the same regardless of the movement and you're always on time!

Good for Health

Your life expectancy increased by 2.5 years with a regular cycle. Above all, you live better: your heart is in better shape *, your performances have improved respiratory **, stress and blood pressure were evacuated in a few pedal strokes, you get sick less often than cars and you are more dynamic.

Good for the wallet

With cycling, you make great savings in travel costs (no fuel to pay), to purchase the vehicle (no car purchase), maintenance (no car to go see), insurance and parking. A car costs an average of 5,000 euros per year, more than 400 euros per month! Do your accounts!

A healthy air bicycle than by car

Contrary to popular belief, exposure to pollutants of the cyclist is 2 to 3 times less than the motorist:  
- The sealed cabin of the car is much more polluted than outside because it concentrates the pollutants;  
- The highest position of the cyclist to avoid inhaling gas "creeping"  
- The two-wheeler does not long remain at the heart of traffic!

Besides that, not taking the car, you reduce your emissions to zero CO2 and microparticles. You offer a better air quality for everyone and you participate in the fight against global warming.

Safer than the car

In town, the mode of transport the most dangerous is the car, which gives the false feeling of being protected! Cyclists, however, much better anticipate the dangers of traffic. According to Road Safety in France, cycling is now about 4% of trips, 4% of injuries, and 4% of those killed in a traffic accident. It is on average no more risky to travel by bicycle than on foot! And progress is particularly evident in cities where the number of cyclists has grown rapidly: there are more bicycles and fewer accidents!

Costs at work

By car, you are stressed, in traffic jams at rush hour, without control of your travel time varies from one day to another, irritated by others and often exasperated when you are looking for a parking spot. By bike, you took the air, made a reasonable effort and took a good time. You are in your head and in your body. Modern bikes have so much speed that you can titrate your full effort. And the clothes are modern light and breathable so that your comfort is optimal during the journey.    

* 30 minutes of cycling per day reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease by 5.  

** + 13% in 2 years

Source: http://lesvertsdebagnolet.over-blog.com/article-28878948.html

Planète Durable Show 2009

2009-03-19T20:25:00.000+01:00

The 2nd Edition of the Planète Durable Show, dedicated to sustainable consumption, opens its doors from 2 to 5 April 2009 at Paris Expo Porte de Versailles (Hall 7). On the occasion you can have fun on a test track of 150 square meters with electric bicycles, "biclou" competition. The green movement is their show. You want to try a hybrid car? Honda will help you slide behind the wheel of the "Insight" on-site testing at the outset of the show. The event aims to make us understand our world and its future, but also to present practical solutions and pleasant to now adopt a lifestyle more virtuous. When do we start ?

What want people who buy a car?

2009-03-11T08:02:00.001+01:00

The needs of a Parisian are not the same an inhabitant of a small town. We hope that the hybrid will be available soon, an offer varied and that everyone can find their ideal car.

We want to drive fast (we sell cars that go up to 200 km / h), but to save the planet (reminder: the electric vehicle made at 110 to break).

And you, tell us : what are your primary motivations?

La Blue Car, the car to rent in less than a year

2009-03-08T16:54:00.006+01:00

100% electric car, 0 noise, 0 pollution. It is fully automatic and starts faster. It promises us a great comfort. The French company Bolloré and Pininfarina's Italian partner, which brings its good reputation, launched this week at the Geneva Motor Show Pre-booking of their electric car, Blue Car, a car to plug into a standard which will not not for sale but for rent for 330 euros per month, with an initial minimum commitment of three months. The first vehicle will be on the roads in less than a year. Nice marketing operation!

Six countries will be involved in a first-time: Italy, Germany, France, UK, Spain and Switzerland) and North America will follow. The car battery contains a lithium-metal-polymer that offers a range of 250 km. Recharging the battery takes just a few minutes to make 20 or 25 km and five hours to fully charge the car.

The car will be built in Turin by Pininfarina, which has a capacity of manufacturing 70,000 vehicles. Bolloré has built two plants to batteries Quimper (France) and Montreal (Canada) due to start mid-June, with a capacity equivalent to 10,000 cars in 2010, 20,000 in 2011 and 30,000 in 2012.

If successful, Bolloré already planning to build a new one, maybe in Bolivia, where are the reserves of lithium to deliver up to 70,000 vehicles, according to Vincent Bolloré. While manufacturers and Japanese amércains also rely on lithium batteries, the key question remains: lithium be enough?

The reserves of lithium, rare metal, 70% of reserves are in Bolivia and Argentina. One can imagine a monopoly of lithium in the Andean countries. The risk is the shift of geopolitical tensions related to resources in South America.

Meanwhile, I dream of going to try the machine and check if the promises of comfort are required.

Geneva Motor Show, following

2009-03-07T23:11:00.003+01:00

We were expecting the advent of all-electric. New solutions. Or are the first visitors dubidatifs. Manufacturers don't propose "shocking solutions". No short-term proposals. Desire of consumers disappointed at the lack of ambition of the manufacturers. Electric cars alongside those of gasoline or diesel, which continues to dominate the market.

Yes, sales are collapsing, there are billions lost, plans layoffs are increasing and we see the liquidation of U.S. giant General Motors is drawing on the horizon. More than ever it is time to think about tomorrow.

90 new cars and as promised, a pavilion dedicated to clean energy.
Some new additions:
- The Bentley Continental Supersport, 630 horses running on biofuel
- The all-electric sports car of the California Tesla
- Prius the third generation of Toyota's hybrid vehicle
- The Blue Car, the first 100% electric car general public by Bolloré and Pininfarina)

Leading adjust slowly. They promised massive changes for 2011. We have to keep patience ...

High-speed train in the USA?

2009-02-22T03:47:00.001+01:00

This would be unseen in a country where long-haul passenger railroad is underdeveloped. Indeed, the American prefer to travel by car or by plane (for long distances)… at least until the crisis. Will future high oil prices coupled with a fall of the purchasing power promote the development of high-speed train, as it is already the case in Europe and some Asian countries?

Coincidence or not, the Obama administration is studying this solution, until now relegated to the closet because of financial and technical barriers, in addition to the lack of political support.

Today, there is only one long-haul passenger railroad company in the USA: Amtrak.

Is it a market to explore closely for French companies like Alstom or the SNCF? Would U.S. citizens be ready to "abandon" their cars for the train?

Joe

Map source: http://www.dot.wisconsin.gov/projects/state/docs/prwg-exec-sum.pdf

Customize your twingo

2009-02-18T15:02:00.001+01:00

http://www.twingototalperso.com/fr/#/G2E3P1_B1E3H4M12N7S4/M2_B1C1D2S2T13W1_S1M1/2/gallery/0/0/0/1
A nice little game, but which gives more opportunity to play with your hair cut than on the tuning of the car!

ECOLOGY IN GENEVA EXHIBITION 2009

2009-02-18T11:12:00.002+01:00

Le Mondial de l'automobile de Paris held in 2008 was supposed to focus on environmental technologies. The visitors were not so convinced. It has been observed that some hybrids, some systems stop & start, but not much else. The Geneva Motor Show will there level? Response between 5 and 15 March 2009 in Geneva Palexpo, organizers announced a presentation of innovations and research on alternative propulsion systems, including electrical. A hall dedicated solely to green cars, will host the major and start-up specialist.

The official website of this event : www.salon-auto.ch.

Parajet Skycar, the flying car

2009-02-17T09:28:00.003+01:00

The man originally from this unprecedented attempt is named Cardazo Gilles. He invented a car running with biofuel, and which is able to fly! The Lord has taken a crazy idea, to reach Timbuktu from London in 42 days. Phileas Fogg of modern times, he is accompanied by a co-pilot for this challenge. Since 14 January, they traveled 6000 kilometers to cross England, France, Spain and North Africa. The idea is not just grandstanding by this fantastic trip. With this expedition, they hope to harvest 110 000. Money they donate to charities dedicated to Africa.

The Skycar is a Parajet buggy 2-seater equipped with an engine running on biofuel and engine propellers at the rear on which a paraglider wing is attached. It may rise to 3 000 meters. In flight, the Parajet Skycar can reach speeds up to 120 km / h with a ceiling of 15,000 feet. To loosen the Skycar needs a minimum speed of 60 km / h. Autonomy in the air is 300 km. On land, it reaches 100 km / h in 4.5 seconds with a top speed of 180 km / h and an autonomy of 400 km. The Skycar also has four-wheel drive that will be useful to move the dunes of the Sahara.

To learn more:
The site Parajet : http://www.parajet.com/

2 months of discussions + 6.5 bln euros = –20,000 jobs?

2009-02-13T23:25:00.000+01:00

After two months of discussions, President Sarkozy announced on Monday a 6.5 billion euro state loan plan for its two car manufacturers Renault and PSA Peugeot Citroën. The conditions for granting such loans is that manufacturers ensure that their will maintain their productions units in France.

However, both manufacturers then mentioned the probability of job cuts within their whole world structures (up to 9,000 at Renault and 11,000 at PSA Peugeot Citroën). Although they are criticized, manufacturers have finely conducted their negotiations with the Elysée because loan granted by this one are mainly conditioned to the absence of layoffs (in 2009)… but manufacturers implement what is called "Plan for Employment Protection"(1) based on voluntary departures. This allows, in fine, to benefit from the state plan while closing (possibly) production units in the future.

Has the Elysée taken this into account or is it an "omission"?

The advisors of President Sarkozy, should know how to play as finely as the two French manufacturers, so that France could justify its positions (considered protecionist by the European Commission) at the European Summit on March 1st.

Joe

(1) In French: Plans de Sauvegarde de l’Emploi

Figure of the day: 790,000!

2009-02-06T14:21:00.001+01:00

790,000, according to Mike DiGiovanni(1) this is the count of vehicles sold by China in January. This is the first time in the automotive history that the USA are overtaken by another country, on this point. China could then become the next world's largest automotive market in the next years.

In 2008, 859,400 vehicles were sold during the same period, but the fact is that due to the current crisis the USA only sold out 656,881 units in January 2009… a 37.1% drop!

Joe

(1) Mike DiGiovanni: General Motors' executive director of global market analysis.

Shocks = batteries?

2009-02-05T09:46:00.003+01:00

The energy that emerges from a vehicle different actions. The braking deceleration produce but also the vertical energy absorbed by shock absorbers. It is possible to transform it into electricity for the hybrid cars.

The brains of Tufts University, near Boston, had the ingenious idea to use another source, created by the vertical motion of the car. They developed dampers that absorb the energy of these movements (their role in the origin) and then make electricity via an electromagnetic generator.

The autonomy of the vehicle may then be increased from 20 to 70% depending on the designers of this system, which intend to hybrids like the Toyota Prius, the Honda Insight and Chevrolet Volt.

The idea has also been developed and patented in the 90s, but today the invention could eventually interest a lot of people.

BiiiiiiiPE scenario of sustainable mobility

2009-01-30T12:24:00.000+01:00

Last week, Nathalie Kosciusko-Morizet received the latest report of the consultancy BIPE: "Vision to thirty years of a France committed to sustainable development. "
The document crop priority over the long term. In the party to an automobile, it is that manufacturers will have to organize services for mobility and multimodality (presence of several different modes of transport between two places). Of course, the automobile is a sector that can not escape a major upheaval. The decline in the rate of car equipment of the younger generation and the growth in arrivals reflects the temporary transition. To go even further than the construction of green vehicles, manufacturers will need to organize services for mobility and multimodality. However, obsessed by demand from emerging countries, they seem to still cling to the idea of selling even more vehicles at any price, and despite the measures to be taken quickly.

Reminder about public transportations…

2009-01-30T00:40:00.000+01:00

On Saturday, January 3rd 2009, the Intelcar team showed its readers a synthesis of the viability of a public transportation based economy.

In an article published on January, 29th 2009, the French magazine L’Express.fr pointed up one figure: 14 600 tonnes. It is, according to the EcoAct company, the quantity of C0₂ discharged (on top of each "regular" day emissions) because of the strikes. To come to this result, EcoAct used a measure methodology(1) developed by the ADEME(2). The reason of this sudden increase? The national public transportations strike, that forced the users to take their cars to commute between their house and their office.

To strengthen this analysis, EcoAct reminded that one tonne of CO₂ equivalent is equal to:
     - 1 year of gas heating in a Parisian studio.
     - 3 round trips Paris-Toulouse (economy class).
     - 2000 km in a city, using a small engine sized vehicle.
- 600 km in urban environment, using a SUV.
     - etc.

Unfortunately, this conclusion corroborates our previous analysis according to which cars pollute more than public transportations, but the quality of these ones does not tend to improve, because of the repeated strikes.

Meanwhile, the Deutsche Bahn goes on furbishing its weapons.(3). The SNCF and the RATP does not seem to be ready to challenge a public transportation based economy, wanted (deservedly) by the environment defenders but also by the citizens. In the end the risk simply is the disappearance, pure and simple, of the SNCF and the RATP, that will be gulped down by a Deutsche Bahn already prepared for the liberalization of the rail within the European Union.

Joe

(1): Bilan Carbon Method.
(2) French Agency for Environment and Energy.
(3) "Ferroviaire français: chronique d’une crise annoncée", La Tribune, lundi 19 janvier 2009.
Source of the image: Deutsche Bahn France.

The United States, as green as dollars

2009-01-29T20:51:00.003+01:00

Salon Detroit ended three days ago. The toll on the green car is rather positive. The salon has the eco-car in the spotlight with manufacturers like Chevrolet, Chrysler and Ford. For Chevrolet, it was an opportunity to present the Chevrolet Volt, which will be a rechargeable hybrid. "Its battery located under the occupants recharge using the energy recovered when braking but also by connecting on a domestic power supply of 240 volts. The electric motor alone can propel the car to 60 kilometers without using heat engine which is known to be able to operate on bioethanol, citing Benedict Solivella, journalist Cartech.

Chrysler and Ford had four to five models of ecological car, but little information has been disclosed about them.

Despite a strong presence of ecological car, once again the Americans are in the concept car. The delay of the USA is not about to be reduced because the initial marketing of such cars is expected in two years and limited edition.

In contrast, the Japanese market this week are the Honda Insight, which will be produced in mass. It has an average consumption of 4.4 l/100 km and CO2 emissions of 101 g / km.

Many manufacturers are presenting their ideas but because few of them make things happen. We will notice that the United States are often ahead of many subjects but they remain far from the advancements in the field of green car, coincidence? The most naive think that the green car is not suited to their market, it is true that rolls so differently in Europe and Japan.

Two manufacturers, one wedding...and 60,000 dismissed!!!

2009-01-27T14:34:00.001+01:00

Everyone congatulates the next wedding between FIAT and Chrysler, Sergio Marchionne asks some help from the Italian government.
If the Italian government doesn't want to help the Italian manufacturers, the FIAT Group to be realistic, it will actually study the question on January 28th.
Because 60,000 dismissed by the FIAT Group is a real problem for this country.

But I have a question, if I take part in a group like Chrysler, can I dismiss 60,000 people?

But in this time of crisis, we have to take money everywhere and the State have money. After all, unemployement is a State problem.

France launched in April a new biofuel: the E10

2009-01-22T19:34:00.002+01:00

Cars dating from 2000 and more will able to benefit from April of a new fuel named E10. Indeed, an interdepartmental act is being validated. It will be published on 1 April 2009 and will officially confirm the sale of this new biofuel.

This fuel will contain 90% of fuel oil and source 10% of biofuel from the distillation of grain or sugar beet.

According to studies in burning biofuels, E10 issue 60% of greenhouse effect gas. Biofuel manufacturers who have invested more than 2 billion Euros in the construction of plants for fuel production plant welcomed the government's decision to market this new biofuel.

The FNE (France Nature Environment Federation) is proud of this decision but stressed the inadequacy in the fight to strengthen the country's energy independence and the fight against the greenhouse effect.

The German Government has to abandon this project in its energy policy. The project goal was to replace petrol by E10. This fuel would therefore be present in all service stations in 2009 but German Simon Gabriel, the environment minister of Germany, abandon the measure.

Although this project seems to make things happen, it does not forget that the last attempt to introduce the E85, a fuel made up 85% biofuel, France has so far resulted in a big flop.

Sources :
http://www.latribune.fr/
http://www.techno-science.net/?onglet=news&news=5244
http://www.total.mu/os/osmauritius.nsf/VS_SWIPSA/B0B331350DAB0506C1257053002E9D0B?OpenDocument&UNI=F8515A1DBF8ECD92C1256F9A00476874&

Stop lying

2009-01-20T18:59:00.003+01:00

Who has ever heard that the Toyota Prius is the most environmental-friendly car in the world? It is now necessary to restore the truth.

According to figures from the measurements of the French magazine "L 'Auto Journal", the Toyota Prius (2nd generation) discharges 104 grams of CO2 per kilometer. Not so bad ... but some cars do better!

Let's take the example of the Smart Cdi that discharges 88 grams of CO2 per kilometer.
I can hear people telling me that it is not comparable, they do not have the same weight... Ok for this example, but now let's take into account the production of the Prius and compare it with other models.
Then you will not escape by taking into account the whole life cycle of the car (production, circulation and destruction) it is more polluting than the ... Hummer, the big American SUV. For skeptics, please refer to the following: http://environnement.branchez-vous.com/2007/03/la_prius_plus_polluante_que_le.html

Other inconsistencies specific to France, the "green" Prius was struck by a bonus of € 2,000 for the purchase while the Smart, cleaner, only received a bonus of j€ 1,000. I'm still looking for the mistake. But it appears that after the failure of the "Grenelle de l' Environment" (Environment Round Table), maybe the French government encourages us to pollute...?!

The “transparency” of Chinese manufacturers

2009-01-16T23:57:00.000+01:00

For its readers, Intelcar decided to assess the transparency of 6 Chinese manufacturers regarding 5 criteria. To do so, Intelcar checked the presence of each of these 5 elements on the websites (when existing) of these firms.

It appears that these corporations are opaque. It is hard to find easily (Internet investigation) information about them. In contrast, the European and American manufacturers must respect very restrictive rules regarding juridical and accounting/financial transparency, product information (quality, safety, pollution, etc.) and sales communication (terms of sale, warranty, etc.).

Firm	Group	Address	Organization chart	Presentation of objectives & missions	Data relating the production methods	Financial communication	Intelcar grade (/5)
	Shenyang Brilliance Jinbei Automobile Co., Ltd.	YES	NO	YES	YES	NO	3/5
	Chana International Corporation	YES	NO	NO	NO	NO	1/5
	FAW Group Corporation	YES	NO	YES	NO	YES	3/5
	Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Co., Ltd.	YES	NO	NO	NO	NO	1/5
	Jiangling Motors Co., Ltd.	YES	NO	NO	NO	YES	2/5
	Dongfeng Motor Corporation	YES	YES	NO	NO	NO	2/5
TOTAL		6/6	1/6	2/6	1/6	2/6	Moy. 2/5

One more time, we must note that Chinese manufacturers do no play with the same rules as their Occidental counterparts. One more load for these ones.

Joe

What future for the automotive sector? Live from Detroit

2009-01-13T19:32:00.005+01:00

The mood is bleak in Detroit while the Auto Show opened on Sunday. Bleak because the two largest U.S. manufacturers namely Chrysler and General Motors are fighting to survive the crisis. For both of them, 2009 will be a pivotal year during which they will have to work hardly in aim to strongly boost sales. That’s why the two giants have to step up their respective restructuring plans and establish priorities for the year to come.

The new PAco Rabane

2009-01-13T17:49:00.000+01:00

A few weeks ago, Sergio Marchionne, CEO of Fiat Group said that in the next two years takes place in many global comparisons between manufacturers.
More specifically, remains:

- 1 U.S. manufacturer
- 2 European, 1 German
- 1 Euro-Japanese manufacturer (I let you guess which one)
- 1 Chinese manufacturer
- 1 Japanese

This vision is based on the fact that to generate economies of scale in the automotive industry, it is necessary to produce 6 million vehicles per year, excluding certain groups such as PSA Peugeot Citroen and Fiat would produce half. Congratulations, Mr. Marchionne arrived in office on 5 November 2007, already is seeking a new position.

6 manufacturers by the end of 2010 ... is the disappearance of 44 manufacturers if they use the repository of OICA. (International Organization of Automobile Manufacturers).
There is no doubt that connections will be made, but that giant collapsed in less than two years it seems incongruous. Especially since many manufacturers can boost with new technologies and the challenges they face: energy consumption, emerging markets, etc..

It's love of progress that makes us track mistakes [François Michelin]

2009-01-09T23:12:00.000+01:00

After the melanin in milk, the antifreeze in toothpaste, the allergenic shoes, the lethal toys, the plastic cutlery, […], what do the Chinese manufacturers have in store for us?

Regarding the automotive industry, people denounce the quality of Chinese vehicles, the result is that “Occidental” car manufacturers rest on their laurels easily… Chinese learn fast, the Japanese lesson seem not to have been enough for the European and the American.

Compared with their Chinese counterparts, Occidental manufacturers must bear more constraints:
- Respect of strict safety and environmental standards.
- Organization and production methods: management techniques, blue-collar workers compensation and respect of human rights.

Many Occidental large firms manufacture over there, and consequently lost every legitimacy to denounce the methods used by their Chinese competitors… but the governments (USA, Germany, France, etc.) that complain of relocations, safety issues for consumers and results in unemployment, just content themselves with “help” of international authorities. In reality, antidumping laws do not apply to China, even if this one is part of the WTO, it is the same thing for rules regarding the labour conditions made by the UN and the International Labour Organization. Furthermore, sentencing the Chinese manufacturers would be the same as sentencing the Occidental firms that make products in this country! The only losers would then be the Westerners.

How to counter-attack in view of this disparity of treatment?
Answer: using an offensive communication, much more efficient than a costly drafting of various laws that, in the end, are rarely respected by China.
For instance: pointing for the Occidental consumers, with images as evidences, at Chinese bad practices regarding the automotive industry. The consumers, more sensitive than ever to safety and employment questions due to the crisis, would be more receptive to such a speech. Concerning the manufacturers relocation to China, statesmen could put more pressure on them by going farther than the subsidies deletion, if necessary by pointing up the involvement of the Occidental firms in the Chinese skids: reputation is the sinews of war.

Joe

Double whammy for Pininfarina

2009-01-06T22:41:00.004+01:00

If manufacturers and suppliers are not in a good mood during the first month of this year, the great Italian designer Pininfarina has also seen better days. After the tragic death last August from the grandson of the creator of the brand in a car crash, the company was facing a debt of 598 million euros at the end of the year just passed.

A car that does not lack air

2009-01-04T14:38:00.002+01:00

A French company of modest size, Motor Development International (MDI) has managed to develop a surprising car. AIRpod is the culmination of MDI studies on pollution and urban mobility. The concept will be the first to leave the production lines in spring 2009. MDI respond to the tender of the city of Paris, Autolib ', and is already the subject of applications for various municipalities.

Major car manufacturers spend a fortune in research and development but failed to market an alternative that could work. They probably have an interest in building cars that require advanced technology and substantial energy costs.

It turns out that other countries are ahead (as often). India, for example, has understood where its interest is, it will deal with MDI and buy a car that could have an interesting future. Stay tuned.

More: http://www.mdi.lu/airpod.php

For a public transporation based economy?

2009-01-03T14:19:00.000+01:00

Since the well-known “Grenelle de l’environnement”¹, statesmen and stakeholders from every sides pin their hopes on public transportation development.

Here is a synthesis which aims at showing an insight of the viability, today, of such hopes.

	Public transportations	Automobile
Advantages	- Less vehicles on the roads - Pollution: more or less high according to the chosen methods - Reduced cost for the user - Already very developed in the urban environment	- Opportunity to move everywhere, at any time - Pollution: more or less important according to the type of vehicle used
Drawbacks	- Punctuality - Repeated strikes, that penalize users - Difficulty to cover up the rural environment properly	- Costs: purchase, maintenance, fuel, insurances - Accident-prone
Supports	- State: Ministry of Ecology, Energy, Sustainable development and Land settlement - Associations and ecologist lobbies - Citizens: urban environment	- State: Ministry of Economy, Industry and Employment - Automotive industry, on which many jobs depend - Citizens: rural environment
Bridle	- Unions: automotive industry AND public transportation - Automotive industry lobby	- Unions: automotive industry AND public transportation - Ecologist lobby

Today, we can say that the cart was put before the horse. It would be more judicious to CREATE a concentrated and reliable public transportation network before forcing at all costs (examples: prohibitive parking cost, ecological increase in insurance premium, etc.) the drivers to abandon their car to have preference for public transportation. Other measures, like the transportation bonus that employers will have to (maybe) pay their employees, will stop being silly and will have a legitimacy.

In addition, French public transportation is still too heavily penalized by the unions that, as usual, are opposed with virulence to every form of competition and market privatization. However, newcomers would be welcomed in the French transportation landscape. Unfortunately, our opposition to change will be punished one more time by the European law on free competition and the market will benefit foreign competitors as no French firm is able to resist the German breaker who is getting ready (reference to the “SNCF-Deutsche Bahn”, of course).

Joe

1: national conference on environmental issues, which was held after the French presidential elections, in 2007.

HAPPY NEW YEAR

2009-01-02T10:41:00.005+01:00

BONNE ANNEE HAPPY NEW YEAR

FELIZ AÑO FROHES NEUES JAHR

שנה טובה عام سعيد С Новым Годом
Boldog új évet

YEAR OF THE OX

All the Intelcar blog team wish you a Good and Happy Year 2009. We hope it will be synonymous of happiness for you and for all the people who mean a lot to you...
There is no doubt that, this new year that begins, will be an opportunity to look into many questions that we are longing to ask... in this shifting environment that the automotive industry is!

On your keyboards for 2009, we are waiting for your reactions eagerly...

The Intelcar team

Toyota: problems start!!

2008-12-30T12:34:00.000+01:00

Toyota : problems start !Toyota, the most profitable manufacturer in the world recognizes be affected by the crisis. It’s not a surprise with the crisis, but what is surprising is that the Japanese organization is already not unalterable. “Toyotism” or “Ohnism” was created by Taiichi Ono, is founded on the five zero:

- 0 default in production

- 0 default in the production process

- 0 paper therefore relies on a network of all product information

- 0 stock therefore the introduction of lean production and production based on demand

- 0 delay "just in time" characterizing the production based on demand.

This organization can release earnings mainly due to the absence of stock ...

Until then taken as a model by other manufacturers, it has enabled the Japanese brand to overcome difficulties with sales fell 34% in Europe over the past few weeks, and the company expects even loss of over 1 billion Euros for the next fiscal year.

With the crisis, manufacturers are before their own organizational problems. But how much manufacturers will develop new process, which are able to survive to a crisis?

Patriotism and consumption in France: science-fiction?

2008-12-26T16:28:00.002+01:00

In the USA, associations like the powerful UAW¹ (United Auto Workers) do not hesitate to call for the patriotic heartstrings of the citizens to support consumption, this is even more true in the current crisis period.

The most visible example is the mass of patriotic stickers that appear on the shopwindows of car dealerships (or other shops), as well as the auto bumpers.

Who knows the American and their love for their motherland will not be amazed by this phenomenon, which is not new.

In France, it is hard to imagine such practices as the patriotic feeling is seen as ashamed, and easily liken to sharpen nationalism. To "galvanise the consumers' troops" to buy French cars, to help reviving a sector in crisis, do the manufacturers and the CCFA² could use this type of methods? Such an action would be better perceived than if it was implemented by the State or its emanations.

So, soon a "ACHETEZ FRANÇAIS" in our car dealerships?

Joe

1. UAW: nom officiel “United Automobile, Aerospace & Agricultural Implement Workers of America International Union”, one of the most powerful unions in North America.
2. CCFA: Comité des Constructeurs Français d'Automobiles, French car manufacturers association.

Too old, too ugly, not really fashionable ... What happens to our cars when we are fed up?

2008-12-12T19:12:00.013+01:00

FRENCH VERSION: "Trop vieille, trop moche, plus à la mode... Que deviennent nos voitures quand on n'en veut plus?"

For you, today I am interested in the becoming of our carcasses. We have no problem to buy them, but how many of us can say what happens to these cars after a few years?

By surfing on the website of the European Commission, we learn that eight to nine million vehicles are scrapped each year in the European Union, producing about two million tonnes of waste metal which ends up in landfills.
But we all know, landfills are not without causing serious effects on our environment.
A tire is between 500 years and 1,000 years to disintegrate in the nature. It is now time to react and be aware of what type of planet we are ready to leave to our children.
For that, governments and stakeholders in the automotive industry have focused in recent years on this problem.

What are the most interesting things we can retain?

To prevent that ELV accumulate in storage places, milling and demolition are the only activities that can deal with these ELV.
Today, recovering metals are recycled up to 75%.

Similarly, by 2015, the European Union requires a recovery rate of 95% by weight of all ELVs.
Thus, this also means dealing with plastics, textiles and fluids. This looks much more complicated and especially less profitable. Stay tuned.

Martine

Sources :

- Europa

- Que Choisir

Ford: Unemployment requires 1600 workers to stay home

2008-12-11T01:24:00.002+01:00

FRENCH VERSION: "Ford: le chômage technique oblige 1600 employés à rester chez eux"

The future of the Ford site, near Bordeaux is compromised.
Late in October, the employees learned that the factory would close for ten weeks to sell out stocks.
Many employees are struggling to cope with this sudden stop in activity. They were badly affected by the consequences of the economic crisis, combining a social and financial “black out”, with the upcoming Christmas and New Year’s Eves. They will receive a half pay during that period off.
Ford Employees now manage as they can, but many cling to their televisions, hoping good news.

The economic crisis wreaked havoc, for its employees, no longer means much more work. Some have worked over 35 years for Ford, repeated that "Ford is a family."
Late last November, there were 46,900 officially unemployed and more in France. With the crisis of the automobile sector, the possibility of disruption of social ties is a factor to take into account quickly by our politics, at least locally.

Cécile

Sources :
- http://www.rtl.fr/fiche/2603797/le-nombre-de-chomeurs-repasse-au-dessus-de-deux-millions.html
- http://www.lemonde.fr/la-crise-financiere/article/2008/11/27/l-attente-inquiete-des-ford-au-chomage-technique-jusqu-en-janvier_1123883_1101386.html#xtor=RSS-3224

First movements begin...

2008-12-10T16:34:00.003+01:00

FRENCH VERSION: "Les premiers mouvements commencent"

With the crisis, large groups worldwide are beginning to wonder about the possible sales of some of their brands, started by the Americans.

Indeed, Ford refers to the possibility of separating from Volvo and General Motors from Saab ... bad time for our Swedish friends ... Until receive the subsidy promised by the Congress, an amount of 34 billion USD, the U.S. groups must find cash to save their industries.
We might think that for an American industry, "get rid" of European brands in times of crisis is normal, forcing national preference. Well no, GM proves it. Indeed, the 1st global manufacturer currently exploring the possibility of disposing (partially or not) Saturn, Pontiac and the famous 4X4 brand Hummer.

What about buyers? We can move a few assumptions:

- Regarding domestic manufacturers, if a rumor course on the resumption of Volvo by Renault, it seems unfounded because how Renault could put pressure on the state for assistance under penalty of plant closing in France and on the other side afford a luxury brand ? In addition, Renault has to work with the launch of Infiniti in France.
For PSA, the situation is identical, plant closings, production slowdowns ...

- The German? I do not think they have to buy these brands. Because they have nothing to gain, they are already located in the United States and still make luxury cars.

- The most plausible is to ask who, in these times of crisis, has sufficient liquidity? China for example (which already hold 585 billion U.S. treasury bills) or India could invest in this area and thus feed on experience high marks for sale. With that, they catch up in terms of quality, safety, aesthetics to make an entry breaking into the U.S. market and Europe.

- Other assumption that, if not the most likely to be raised. The U.S. government announced emergency aid of 15 billion USD to help Chrysler and GM, and may be 9 billion for Ford. Maybe this aids could fill the financial position of U.S. manufacturers and they want to keep their final marks, gateway to Europe.

Let's wait and see…

Pierre

[1] Source : World Ranking of Manufacturers year 2007, International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers [2] Source : Le monde 6/12/2008, Le partenariat Chine - Etats-Unis se rééquilibre au profit de Pékin

Finally some good news... but not organic

2008-12-09T23:34:00.002+01:00

FRENCH VERSION: "Enfin une bonne nouvelle... mais pas bio"

An advertising, whose messages focus on the environmental and economic benefits of biofuel, was released today in the daily press national, regional and in national weeklies. During a week, the campaign will be displayed in stations SNCF and RER of Paris.

Do you remember the yoghurt « bio » from Danone?
The term "biological", "green", "organic" is protected, the French food giant had been forced in 2005 to change the name of the product for Activia. According to an EU directive on the organic sector, it is forbidden to mislead the consumer on perishable produce.

What about fuel? Indeed, bioethanol is not more biological than an Activia yoghurt. In bioethanol, bio prefix means biological origin, first meaning of the word (related to life). It has nothing to do with the labels "AB", but the customer ignores it. The term agro-fuel seems more appropriate to introduce the product. The prefix "bio" is only marketing to surf on the wave « eco-connected ». I guess we will still hear the word for a long time.

Anne-Claire

Carlos Ghosn new President of the ACEA

2008-12-09T14:16:00.003+01:00

After Christian Streiff will be the turn of Carlos Ghosn to preside over one year the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA). Its main tasks will be the dialogue with EU states on various solutions for the automotive sector (6% of the Europeans jobs) to survive the crisis. Even if some of you already knew ACEA here is an opportunity for me to present this institution which is not only a kind of lobby but a real Economic Interest Grouping and which in the current context has a difficult task.

Mapping of major manufacturers

2008-12-09T13:19:00.002+01:00

FRENCH VERSION: "Cartographie des principaux constructeurs"

Here is a first mapping, certainly not limited to, existing major manufacturers. I propose, through it, watch the movement in the coming months following the crisis that affects global places.

Pierre

Groupes Automobiles

View SlideShare document or Upload your own.

Destruction bonus: "local anesthesia" does not mean "healing"

2008-12-08T23:58:00.006+01:00

Market depression, sales collapse, stop of assembly lines, layoffs, etc. The troubles list of the automotive industry gets longer each day. Even "safe bets" are hit, for instance the upscale cars and the Japanese manufacturers who were shown as good examples.

Although the US government examines a 34 billion USD rescue plan for the "Big Three" (General Motors, Ford and Chrysler), France adopted on the 4th of December its first measures, among which the 1,000 EUR destruction bonus for car elder than 10 years. This bonus is subjected to the fact that the new vehicle bought emits less than 160 grams of CO2/km.

French manufacturers were very pleased about this announcement of the President Sarkozy. It is true that the act is honorable, but this kind of solution will be an answer only to some short-term concerns by reviving consumption temporarily, and at subjective levels. In other words, when this measure (which cost is assessed to be 220 million EUR) will come to an end, the risk of a new collapse will be there. The question is to know if the government and the manufacturers will be able to overstep short-term management methods of the crisis and use this recovery time efficiently. On this point, we can be dubious because in a long-term perspective, nothing has been done in France for years: no French manufacturer decided to re-design the economic model. For instance:
- No new sales channels were explored: Internet sales, development of multibrands dealerships, etc.
- Low cost vehicles are still insignificant within the country, and already in the hands of the Indian and the Chinese abroad.
- "Clean" vehicles only start to be taken into account by the manufacturers' strategy departments: for years, we have been talking about the "green car" that should be marketed "soon", "in a couple of years", etc.
- In France, two companies like PSA Peugeot Citroën and Renault-Nissan do not seem to ever have though about a merger. Maybe it would increase the French automotive strike force abroad, it would support the appearance of a national champion, so desired by our statesmen.

If we have some discernment, we notice that manufacturers are very impacted by the crisis on their foreign markets. So, how such a measure will help them on these markets? Why, within the European Union, nothing is being done regarding intergovermental cooperation? Why manufacturers, despite their competitive relations, do not seem ready yet to find solutions together? Many questions that might stay without any answers.

From a practical point of view, this measure efficiency is highly debatable. Most of time, it is low income households that have a car elder than 10 years, so we can imagine that it is not with a 1,000 EUR bonus that they will accept to buy a new vehicle that costs about 9,000 EUR. This measure should, at least, be extended to second-hand vehicles.

WHEN WILL WE HAVE A REAL REFORM OF THE FRENCH AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY?

Joe

Reduce

The driver pays for his safety...

2008-12-08T12:29:00.003+01:00

FRENCH VERSION: "Le conducteur paie sa sécurité"

In order to protect the motorists, during a car-crash or a break-down, it is compulsory since 2008-10-1st to keep on board a fluorescent safe vest (the colour is free…make your choice…) and a warning triangle which is not blown away (you have to buy some lead to stuff it !).

In case of you don’t own these safe objects, it is a breach of the law and you are likely to pay a fine of 90 or 135 Euros.
This is a noble undertaking, which consists on reducing the number of deaths on the roads by fighting against road violence. Nevertheless, I must ask myself questions.
At first, why the legislator has chosen to ask taxpayer to dip into his pocket to finance these reform? Why not the car manufacturers? (The truth is that purchasing power is not a problem…)
Moreover, why such objects are not mass-produced for each vehicle? Or only on board of the top quality models…
Why don’t we put so many safe vests as passengers? Is it too expensive? Less than a radio…
Finally, why don’t we take advantage of the law to force the car manufacturers to put these safe objects on board of the new cars? For example it could be interesting to put fire extinguishers, airbags, or all other system which could save lives.
For Europe, it is time to standardize the laws in order to saves lives and simply to be practical…! The life could not be linked to the wallet…

HECTOR

Equipment manufacturers hardly hit by the crisis

2008-12-07T13:57:00.006+01:00

If times are tough for all carmakers, suppliers inevitably suffer the current crisis. Working increasingly lean, the impact of the crisis facing manufacturers today hits providers of all types: from electronic systems manufacturers, to the seats or tires designers.

Read more

French Version

The green fashion

2008-12-04T18:47:00.001+01:00

VERSION FRANCAISE: "Le vert à la mode"

Without being defeatist, like more and more people I see the automotive world sinking under greyness. Gray cloud (of pollution). Until we have economic growth and growing fleet, all efforts to increase the efficiency of vehicles will be offset by overall growth. It is the rebound effect. Worse still, the cars will be more efficient and less polluting, the more we’ll drive because we have better conscience, and because they pay cheaper gas per kilometer. It's ugly.

A solution? Drive LESS. To really change things, let’s make sure to reduce the number of kilometers travelled in a year! Seriously, how many people still take their cars to fetch bread less than a kilometer from home? Get rid of your car which sleeps into the garage and which costs you a fortune in insurance. Take the train, bus, subway, bicycle, shoes and occasionnaly rent a car on weekends. The world can only be better. Individualism gnawing our society is even behind our wheels. People prefer listenning to the radio in their warm cars to reach their jobs rather than waiting patiently for the bus, even though this would be less expensive in this time of crisis ... We choose our own world. They that have ears to hear...

Anne-Claire

Why Intelcar?

2008-11-30T01:05:00.001+01:00

All the sectors are affected by the current crisis, of which the automotive one.
Why creating a blog about this topic?

- It's, precisely, because there is a crisis in this sector and that thousands of jobs are at stake around the world that we need to look for solutions.
- It's because we noticed, a couple of months ago, the impact on a country GDP of the Brent spot price (150 USD, at its highest level), that we have to build engines that are less greedy, which means being attached to Research & Development.
- It's because the international scientific community, now unanimous, calls more restraint regarding the use of fossil fuels, that the automotive industry has to take interests in environment.
- Lastly, it's because this world crisis should be considered as an opportunity to rethink the place of cars in our societies that this blog is being developed, and must be read. Intelcar offer to discuss these subjects, in "real time", according to the ideas or information going along, and the controversies coming up.

Intelcar, competitive intelligence blog about the automotive industry, is a place of interaction, but also of discussion. Open to everyone, it will be written in French, in English, and more specifically in German and in Spanish. Here, you can share your opinions and bring details. The editorial staff will publish every transmitted texts, provided that they respect the basic rules of civility.
Intelcar was born on December 1^st 2008, under the direction of Tarik Mousselmal, as part of a work in the curriculum of the School of Economic Warfare.
This blog is yours. Read it, correct it, criticize it… make it live!

The Intelcar editorial staff

Pourquoi Intelcar?

2008-11-30T01:04:00.000+01:00

La crise actuelle frappe tous les secteurs, dont celui de l’automobile.
Pourquoi créer un blog à ce sujet?

- C’est, justement, parce qu’il y a une crise dans ce secteur et que des milliers d’emplois sont en jeu à travers le monde, qu’il faut chercher des solutions.
- C’est parce qu’on a pu constater, il y a quelques mois, l’impact immédiat sur le PIB d’un pays du prix du baril de Brent (150 dollars à son cours le plus élevé), qu’il faut fabriquer des moteurs moins gourmands, donc s’attacher à la Recherche & Développement.
- C’est parce que la communauté scientifique internationale, désormais unanime, appelle à plus de retenue quant à l’utilisation des énergies fossiles, que l’industrie automobile doit s’intéresser à l’environnement.
- C’est, finalement, parce que cette crise mondiale doit être considérée comme une chance de repenser la place de l’automobile dans nos sociétés, que ce blog est créé, et doit être lu. Intelcar propose de traiter ces différents thèmes, en "temps réel", au fur et à mesure des idées, de la propagation des informations et de l’apparition des polémiques.

Intelcar, blog d’intelligence économique sur l’industrie automobile, est un lieu d’information, mais aussi de discussion. Ouvert à tous, il sera diffusé en français, en anglais, et plus spécifiquement en allemand et en espagnol. Vous pourrez y partager vos opinions et apporter des précisions jugées nécessaires. La rédaction s’engage à publier l’intégralité des textes transmis, sous réserve de respecter les règles élémentaires de la bienséance et de la courtoisie.
Intelcar est né le 1^er décembre 2008 sous la direction de Tarik Mousselmal, dans le cadre d'un projet de l'Ecole de Guerre Economique.
Ce blog est le vôtre. Lisez-le, corrigez-le, critiquez-le… faites-le vivre!

La rédaction d'Intelcar

Warum Intelcar?

2008-11-30T01:03:00.002+01:00

Die aktuelle Krise trifft alle Bereiche der Wirtschaftstätigkeit und ganz besonders jenen der Autoindustrie. Warum also einen neuen Blog zu diesem Thema vefassen?

- Es ist gerade der Aspekt dass Tausende von Arbeitsplätze in der ganzen Welt auf dem Spiel stehen und dass man für dieses Problem geeignete Lösungen finden muss.
- Weil man vor einigen Monaten feststellen konnte wie unmittelbar die Auswirkungen auf das BIP eines Landes sind, wenn der Preis für ein Barrel Öl den vorläufigen Gipfel erreicht (150 Dollar zu seinem höchsten Preis), und dass man deshalb weniger gierige Motoren schaffen und sich mehr auf die Fortschritte, die in den Laboratorien "Versuch und Entwicklung" gemacht werden, konzentrieren sollte.
- Dass sich die Automobil mehr für die Umwelt interessieren muss, jetzt da sich die internationale wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft einstimmig entschieden hat, den Einsatz der fossilen Energien zu reduzieren.
- Schließlich, weil diese weltweite Krise als ein Glücksfall angesehen werden muss um den Stellenwert des Kraftfahrzeugs in unseren Gesellschaften noch einmal zu überdenken, entsteht dieser Blog. Denn in der Tat beabsichtigt er, diese verschiedenen Themen in Echtzeit zu behandeln, das bedeutet je nach Entwicklung der Ideen, der Verbreitung der Informationen und des eventuellen Aufkommens der Polemiken.

Intelcar ist ein Blog zum Thema der Wirtschaftsintelligenz, der aber auf die Automobilindustrie ausgerichtet ist und ein Informations-, aber auch Diskussionsort sein soll. Ein Blog der für alle zugänglich ist, wird er auf Französisch und Englisch verbreitet und einige Einträge sogar auf Deutsch sowie auf Spanisch zu lesen sein werden. Sie können Ihre Meinungen und Standpunkte senden, Einzelheiten, die Sie für notwendig halten. Das Redaktionsteam verpflichtet sich, die übermittelten Texte vollständig zu veröffentlichen, unter der Voraussetzung diese respektieren die elementaren Regeln der Schicklich- und Höflichkeit.
Intelcar wurde am 1. Dezember 2008 unter der Leitung von Tarik Mousselmal, im Rahmen eines Projekts der "Ecole de Guerre Economique", ins Leben gerufen.
Dieser Blog ist Ihrer. Lesen Sie, verbessern Sie, kritisieren Sie sogar. Was auch immer Sie tun, erfüllen Sie diesen Blog mit Leben!

Die Redaktion der Intelcar

Por qué Intelcar?

2008-11-30T01:02:00.004+01:00

La crisis actual impacta todos los sectores, de los cuales el sector automóvil. ¿Por qué crear un blog a propósito de este tema?

- Es, precisamente, porque hay una crisis en este sector y que miles de empleos están en juego a través del mundo, que hay que buscar soluciones.
- Es porque hemos constatado, hay unos meses, el impacto inmediato sobre el PIB de un país del precio del barril de Brent (150 dólares para su curso el más alto), que tenemos que fabricar motores menos golosos, luego atribuir importancia a la investigación y al desarrollo.
- Es porque la comunidad científica internacional, ahora unánime, reclama más reservas en cuanto a la utilización de las energías fósiles, que la industria automóvil debe interesarse al medio ambiente.
- Es, finalmente, porque esta crisis mundial debe ser considerada como una suerte de repensar el posicionamiento del automóvil en nuestras sociedades, que este blog es creado, y debe ser leído. Intelcar propone tratar estos distintos temas, en "tiempo real", a medida que las ideas y las informaciones se propagan, y que las polémicas aparecen.

Intelcar, blog de inteligencia competitiva a propósito de la industria automóvil, es un lugar de información, pero también de discusión. Abierto a todos, será redactado en francés, en inglés, y más específicamente en alemán y en español. Podréis participar y dar más precisiones cuando necesario. La redacción publicará la integralidad de los textos transmitidos, con tal que respetan las normas elementales de cortesía.
Intelcar nació el 1^ero de diciembre de 2008, bajo la dirección de Tarik Mousselmal, en el ámbito de los estudios en la Escuela de Guerra Económica.
Este blog es el vuestro. Leedle, corregidle, critícale… ¡Hacedle vivir!

La redacción de Intelcar